COMMUNICATIONS - PUBLICATIONS

U. Geiser (1995) Indigenous resource management and external development interventions in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: From conflicts to synergies? GeoJournal 35(2):185-186, ISSN 0343-2521, by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Journals department, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
This article argues that environmental problems in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka are caused, among other things, by conflicts between two approaches to the management of land resources: the historic, indigenous strategy; and the modern strategy, which is a product of outside influences. Another source of conflict is the incompatibility between the modern approach and aspects of the physical environment. This conclusion is reached through a comparative analysis of the two strategies using an actor-oriented methodology. Concerning the potential of indigenous technologies under present-day conditions, it is argued that the rationale guiding these technologies is highly relevant. In fact, it has already been internalized into the vocabulary of many development interventionists, as the negative effects of the dominant development approaches are becoming obvious. A shift in power relations (including the acceptance of local knowledge within innovative 'development' ventures) is required if the potential of the indigenous strategy is to be tapped. It remains an open question whether this shift can take place from within the development enterprise alone.

Brigitte Jordan (l993) Birth in four cultures: A cross-cultural investigation of childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. US $ 9.95, pp. 235. Waveland Press, P.O. Box 400, Prospect Heights, Illinois 60070, USA.
Much of this book deals with indigenous knowledge regarding the birthing process, and relates how this knowledge can be overridden by what the author terms 'the authoritative knowledge' of male physicians in some societies. Jordan presents a convincing argument in favour of development projects that would improve the delivery system by first seeking to understand the obstetrical wisdom and skills that already exist within a country, and then to accommodate that system rather than ignore it. The author makes excellent recommendations for improving cross-cultural sensitivity, and for increasing the relevance of the numerous training programmes that would alter indigenous midwifery practices. (D.M. Warren)

B. Thomas-Slayter and D. Rocheleau (et al.) (1995) Gender, environment and development in Kenya. ISBN 1-55587-419-3, US $ 49.95, pp. 247. Lynne Riener Publishers, Colorado, USA.
Thomas-Slayter and Rocheleau, professors and development experts at Clark University, have collaborated with eight Kenyan counterparts in order to produce a vibrant set of case studies conducted in rural Kenyan communities. The case studies explore the role of indigenous institutions, particularly women's organizations, as they respond to changing resource conditions. Indigenous ecological knowledge provides the basis for gender-based strategies for managing soil, water and woodlands in the context of changing gender roles. The interrelatedness of poverty, gender roles, indigenous knowledge, and environmental and resource management becomes the basis for development policy and practice. The case studies focus on water and soil resources, health and nutrition, agriculture and livestock, and agroforestry. Much of the fieldwork for the case studies was conducted using participatory rural appraisal methodologies.
This is one of the first publications available that explains the importance of understanding the gender-based nature of knowledge within a community as sustainable approaches to development are being pursued. This well-written and highly readable book includes seven maps, one table and 17 figures. It will be invaluable to students of culture change, gender relations, resources management, and development. Although set in Kenya, this book will certainly become a model for use in many other parts of the world. (Helen M. MacLam and D.M. Warren)

Adedotun O. Phillips and Tunji Titilola (eds) (1995) Indigenous knowledge systems and practices: Case studies from Nigeria. The director-general, ARCIK, PMB 5 þ UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria. Tel: +234-22-400500. Fax: +234-22-416129 or +234-1-614397.
The importance and relevance of incorporating indigenous knowledge systems into development efforts is increasingly being acknowledged as attempts to resolve the development problems of most third-world countries--especially those of Nigeria--meet with little success. It is therefore necessary to find out why efforts up to now have not yielded viable solutions. Perhaps the answer lies, at least to some extent, in the attention currently being given to local knowledge--the importance of understanding it and using it in development planning. This is in essence what this book 'propagates'.

Rohana Ulluwishewa (1995) Traditional practices of inland fishery resources management in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: Implications for sustainability. Environmental Conservation 22(2):127-137.
Fish farming in village irrigation tanks has long played an important role as a source of food in the traditional villages of the Dry Zone. Villagers have developed various management practices which result in the sustainable utilization of fish resources. This study examines these practices and investigates their relevance for the design of appropriate resources-management systems leading to ecologically sustainable development. The study shows that traditional practices that contribute to the sustainable utilization of fish resources have various aspects: ecological, technological, institutional and cultural.

Peter Blunt and D. Michael Warren (eds) (1995) Indigenous organizations and development. ISBN 1-85339-321-5, pp. 272, œ 16.95. Intermediate Technology Publications, 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK or Women, Ink, 777 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.
This is the third volume in the IT series on Indigenous Knowledge and Development. The book contains nine case studies from Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana), four from India, and seven from Asia and the Pacific Rim (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, China, Indonesia and the Philippines). Indigenous organizations are associations formed within a community without external assistance. Such organizations appear to exist in virtually every community; most have local-level community development functions. Until recently these organizations have been overlooked by development agencies. The case studies in this volume indicate the cost-effectiveness of identifying these organizations, understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and working with and through them to strengthen their capacity for self-reliant local-level development.
Three case studies explore problems that emerge when new organizations are superimposed on an indigenous organization, and where national policy and central control override the capacity of local-level organizations. Several chapters describe the importance of Nigerian hometown associations in local-level development. Other contributions explore the rhetoric of empowerment and participatory decision-making versus the reality of ignoring local decision-making and organizations. The collection cuts across many sectors and includes case studies on Kenyan pastoralists, indigenous financial institutions in India, rural development in China, water and sanitation in Ghana and India, health in South Africa, wildlife conservation in Indonesia and agricultural extension in the Philippines. This book will be of particular interest to development workers and students of development management.

Mark H. Powell and Sidney B. Westly (eds) (1995) Producción y Uso de Erythrina: Manual de Campo. US $ 7 (NFTA Network participants US $ 5) plus shipping and handling, pp. 62. NFTA Network, Winrock International, Rt. 3, P.O. Box 376, Morrilton, AR 72110, USA. Fax: +1-501-727 5417.
The Nitrogen-Fixing Tree Association (NFTA) Network has published a Spanish version of its popular field manual on how to produce and use Erythrina. Written for people working at the field level, the publication has chapters on botany and ecology; establishment; trees with annual crops; live fenceposts; fodder production and use; other uses; pests and diseases; and seed collection, storage and genetic improvement. The names of suppliers of seeds and inoculants, and selected references are included in the appendices.

E. Friis-Hansen (1995) Seeds for African peasants: Peasants' needs and agricultural research--the case of Zimbabwe. Copenhagen/Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute/Centre for Development Research. ISBN 91-7106-365-x, US $ 32.00, pp. 228. Almqvist & Wiksell International, P.O. Box 4627, 11691 Stockholm, Sweden.
The author, a research fellow at the Centre for Development Research (Copenhagen), based this study on three years of doctoral research and 12 years of experience in southern Africa, where he worked on the development of small-scale agriculture. The 13 chapters describe farming systems in Zimbabwe, focusing on the role of indigenous approaches to plant breeding. Recognizing the minimal impact of the Green Revolution on the high-risk marginal lands of Africa, this case study argues in favour of a new paradigm for sustainable agriculture based on partnership with farmers rather than the more typical top-down transfer of technology. The case study provides an in-depth analysis of farming systems and household economics in the Silobela communal area, as well as a review of government plant-breeding programmes. The author notes that most of the seeds planted in Africa are supplied through indigenous plant breeding and community systems of seed exchange. There is a capacity for experimentation at the local level that could be very important for formal agricultural research. If the social organization leading to indigenous plant breeding were better understood, we could capitalize on this untapped potential and improve agricultural production in collaboration with plant breeders in public and private enterprises in Zimbabwe. This book makes an important contribution to the study of the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable approaches to development. It includes 32 tables, 10 figures, 25 boxes and 11 maps. (Helen M. Maclam and D.M. Warren)

UNASYLVA, An International Journal of Forestry and Forest Industries, Volume 46/180, 1995/1. Published by FAO-ROME. FAO's Distribution and Sales Section at Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or FAO in your own country.
This special issue of UNASYLVA contains seven case studies and one theoretical paper on Common Property Forest Resource (CPFR) management: 60 pages in total, written by some of the field's best known scholars. M. McKean and E. Ostrom discuss definitions, assumptions and recommendations, including the important distinction between common property resources (tangible) and common property (non- tangible, such as social institutions). The authors also reiterate the view of common property as a variety of shared private property.
Case materials feature CPFR management in Albania, China, Haiti, India, Italy, Mali and Portugal. Observations are made about the key role of indigenous knowledge and pre-existing traditions of resource management. These include the following:

These papers are a valuable resource for researchers and developers concerned with CPFR, as well as scholars of indigenous knowledge and traditional systems of resource management. The bibliographies with each article are very useful. See also FAO's comprehensive Common forest resource management: Annotated bibliography of Asia, Africa and Latin America (Community Forestry series No. 11, FAO, 1993). (Don Messerschmidt)

Jeanette Clarke (1994) Building on indigenous natural resource management: Forestry practices in Zimbabwe's communal lands. Harare: Earthware Publishing Services. ISBN 0- 7974-1407-x, US $ 6, pp. 55. Forestry Commission, Research and development division, P.O. Box HG 595, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe. Fax: +263-4-497066.
Because people living on the communal lands of Zimbabwe are so dependent on tree products, a conservation ethic has long been part of their customary law and practice. But as customary laws and practices have broken down under the pressures of land shortage and westernization, new practices have arisen to take their place. Many parts of Zimbabwe are degraded, and the people living in these areas struggle to obtain the tree products they need for a healthy life. In what ways can people be helped to develop effective ways of protecting and managing their resources? This is the challenge that faces field staff working in villages.
The material for this book was derived from a two-and-a-half- year project facilitated by the Social Forestry Research Unit (SFRU) of the Forestry Commission. The project was aimed at making forestry extension officers better able to recognize and build on forestry practices currently in use on Zimbabwe's communal lands.
In chapter 1, the current forestry practices found in Zimbabwe are classified and described, and a case study of each type of practice is given. The sections of chapter 2 are structured as follows: practices for cultivating trees are followed by practices by which groups and families manage woodland. A list of ways by which field staff can build on and support current practices is given for each type of practice.

Anwar Islam and Rosina Wiltshire (1994) Traditional health systems and public policy. Proceedings of an international workshop, Ottawa, Canada, 2-4 March 1994. ISBN 0-88936-751-5, CA $ 16.95, pp. 192. IDRC, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9.
The majority of the world's population uses traditional health systems with success; nevertheless, these systems are not given the same status as Western medicine. During the workshop hosted by IDRC, indigenous health practitioners, researchers and policy-makers discussed mechanisms for achieving greater recognition for traditional health practices. They also examined the major policy issues and research priorities of both traditional and Western systems.

G. Martin (1994) Ethnobotany: A methods manual. WWF Conservations Series 1 (Series Editor: M Walters) ISBN 0-412-48370-x PB, pp. 296, 33 line illustration, 10 halftone illustrations, œ16.99. Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London, SE1 8HN, UK. Tel: +44-171-8650066. Fax: +44-171-5229623.
Ethnobotany--the study of indigenous systems for the classification, management and use of plants--is an endeavour which attracts people from various academic disciplines. Ethnobotanists and local populations face the challenging task not only of recording knowledge of the plant world, but also of applying the results of their studies to biodiversity conservation and community development. One of their goals is to ensure that local natural history becomes a living, written tradition in communities where it has been transmitted only orally for many years. They are working against time, because indigenous knowledge of the environment is fast disappearing in the face of the world-wide destruction of natural areas and transformation of traditional cultures.
This book--the first in a new series of practical manuals in plant conservation sponsored by WWF, UNESCO and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew--provides a detailed overview of this emerging discipline. Aimed primarily at researchers who are beginning field studies, it gives clear descriptions of the skills and methods most commonly employed by ethnobotanists. It will also be of interest to experienced field workers who wish to review new concepts and techniques drawn from botany, anthropology, economics, ethnopharmacology and other disciplines.
The manual begins with advice on fieldwork ethics, data collection and hypothesis-testing, and ends with practical ideas on applying ethnobotanical results to conservation and community development initiatives. Illustrated with experiences reported from around the world, it demonstrates that the key to excellent results is close collaboration with local peoples, conservationists and specialists in various academic fields.

M.S. Swaminathan and Vineeta Hoon (1994) Methodologies for recognizing the role of informal innovation in the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Proceedings No.9. CRSARD, 3rd Cross Street, Tharamani Institutional Area, Madras 600113, India.
Ever since the Centre for Research on Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development (CRSARD) of the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) came into existence in 1990, it has organized an annual dialogue under the title 'Reaching the unreached'. Their purpose is to analyze methods for bringing the benefits of frontier technologies to the economically, ecologically and socially underprivileged segments of rural communities. The participants in these dialogues are social scientists and frontier technologists.
The fifth in the dialogue series 'Reaching the unreached' was held on 28-31 January 1994. It dealt with methods for recognizing and rewarding the rural women and men who over the millennia have conserved genetic diversity of inestimable economic value. Such unknown women and men are largely responsible for the in situ conservation of numerous economically important plant species and varieties of cultivated species. They have not only preserved genetic variability but have also enriched it through human selection. Today, this genetic wealth serves both as the feed stock for the biotechnology industry and as a safety net for farmers who have few resources relative to the agricultural risks they face. It is in this context that the dialogue identified methods for integrating the principles of equity and ethics with the principles of economics in a set of Plant Breeders' Rights. Participants in the dialogue took up the challenge of drafting a set of rights which will help to extend economic benefits to those who up to now have received no recognition or economic reward for their ecological prudence and their skills in genetic conservation.

Rohana Ulluwishewa (1995) Development, environmental degradation and rural women: A case study in Kirindi Oya irrigation and settlement project in Sri Lanka. ISBN 90-6754-410-8, Dfl 10.00. Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Gender Studies in Agriculture, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Development is usually defined in terms of the growth of GNP, and the main objective of most development interventions is to integrate human activities into the market. As neither ecological factors nor women's reproductive tasks have a market value, both these aspects tend to be neglected in development projects.
This paper illustrates the danger of such an approach by describing the Kirindi Oya irrigation and settlement project in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. It examines the way women were accustomed to manage local natural resources before the start of the project, i.e., mainly for subsistence. The project made paddy (men's crops) a commodity and paddy production the most important economic activity. At the same time, however, all other subsistence activities (women's activities) were neglected. All natural resources associated with land were diverted from subsistence uses to paddy production. At the end of the project women found themselves deprived of the resources which they needed if they were to fulfil their responsibilities as providers of food, water and firewood. In the end, they had to depend on the remaining marginal resources.

Michel P. Pimbert and Jules N. Pretty (1995) Parks, people and professionals: putting 'participation' into protected area management. ISSN 1012-6511, pp. 60. UNRISD Discussion Paper. Published by UNRISD in collaboration with IIED and WWF, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
This paper argues that the present style of conservation has neglected the needs and aspirations of local people, their indigenous knowledge and management systems, their institutions and social organizations, and the value to them of wildlife resources. The authors assert that it is necessary to find ways of ensuring local communities' full participation in conservation programmes and policy. Alternative systems of learning and interaction have the potential to contribute to more sustainable management of protected areas. The paper concludes that, for this vision to succeed, a 'new professionalism' is required, as well as supportive national and international policies.

Marcus Colchester (1994) Salvaging nature: Indigenous peoples, protected areas and biodiversity conservation. ISSN 1012-6511, pp. 76. UNRISD Discussion Paper. Published by UNRISD in collaboration with World Rainforest Movement and WWF, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
The author of this paper argues that conservation, which has emerged as a powerful global force dominated by Northern technical institutions, increasingly seeks to limit human activities in biodiversity-rich areas, especially in the South. Conservation agencies need to be made much more accountable to indigenous peoples. The paper brings out encouraging examples that suggest that conservationists and indigenous peoples can reconcile their interests.

Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (eds) (1995) Grassroots environmental action: People's participation in sustainable development. ISBN 0-415- 12703-3 (pb). Published by UNRISD in collaboration with Routledge. This publication can be obtained from: Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, UK or 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA.
Although the importance of people's participation for sustainable development is now being acknowledged with growing frequency, there is still little understanding of the multiple dimensions that such participation involves. This publication emphasizes the potential of local environmental initiatives in the South. Case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America focus on areas where local people are vigorous actors in the determination of their own future and that of their environment.

Kojo Sebastian Amanor (1995) The new frontier: Farmers' responses to land degradation--a West African study. ISBN 1-85649-241-9 (hb) or ISBN 1-85649-242-7 (pb). Published by UNRISD in collaboration with Zed Books. This publication can be obtained from: Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK or 165 First Avenue, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey 07716, USA.
Drawing upon research carried out in the Manya Krobo district of the eastern region of Ghana, this publication uncovers ways in which farmers are attempting to ameliorate environmental degradation through experimentation and innovation. The book calls for environmental rehabilitation policies based on regeneration of the local economy, diversification of agricultural products and markets, community participation in drawing up environmental agendas, and utilization of local farmers' knowledge. The author argues for research and development programmes that are more exploratory in their approaches to diagnosing and addressing problems, and that seek to strengthen and support the independent research capabilities of farming communities.

Darrell Addison Posey (1995) Indigenous peoples and traditional resource rights: A basis for equitable relationships? œ 10.00. Green College Centre for Environmental Policy and Understanding, Green College, Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK. Tel: +44-1865- 311038. Fax: +44-1865 311764. E-mail: gccepu@vax.ox.ac.uk
This is a revised version of a paper presented at a workshop at Green College (Oxford, UK) on 28th June 1995. The workshop was chaired by Sir Crispin Tickell and Darrell Posey. The paper presents the findings and recommendations of the workshop. It also contains information and recommendations regarding indigenous peoples in international forums, biogenetic resources and knowledge systems, intellectual property rights and ownership of knowledge, and indigenous views. The various issues are also discussed in terms of several international bodies. Several declarations are included as well as suggestions for further reading.

Manjul Bajaj and J.T. Williams (1995) Healing forests, healing people. Medicinal Plants Research Network and International Development Research Centre. US $ 6.00. For copies write to Grace Domingo, IDRC, South Asia Regional Office, 17 Jorbagh, New Delhi 110 003, India.
This report summarizes the discussions at the first meeting of the IDRC-supported medicinal plants network, which was held on 6-8 February 1995 in Calicut (India). The meeting brought together a select group of practitioners, researchers, social scientists and development professionals from Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. A few key participants representing the donor community were also present. The report succinctly presents the main issues relevant to medicinal plants research. The discussion is organized into four thematic areas, with a chapter devoted to each: biodiversity, safety and efficacy, socioeconomic issues, and health systems. The report also distils and presents the collective wisdom of the group in the form of two specific outputs. One is a section on research priorities and future directions, and the other is a code of conduct for researchers engaged in this highly sensitive area of research. An additional section with facts and figures provides key statistics and data relevant to South Asia.

Michael K. McCall (1995) Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems of Eastern Africa: A bibliography. ISBN 0-945271-34-4, US $ 18.00. Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change No. 9. Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
This bibliography lists over 1200 titles of works on the indigenous knowledge of people in Eastern Africa. The subjects are farming systems, biomass products, natural resources management, land tenure and organization, and related topics. The publications date up to 1993. About 200 of the items specifically deal with methods for eliciting indigenous knowledge, and ways for further application in local initiatives and/or outside interventions.

Asian Pastoral Perspectives: The newsletter about pastoralists and livestock development in Asia. Biannual, pp. 16.
This journal has two aims: to improve communication among the people and organizations who are involved with pastoralists and livestock in Asia; and to develop into a forum for the exchange of information and ideas on all matters that affect the livelihood and welfare of pastoralists and their animals. Further, it is meant to break down disciplinary boundaries between social, natural and animal scientists, and to stimulate discussion about the social and ecological impacts of technological innovations and policy changes.
Readers are staff members of NGOs and donor agencies, academics, extension workers, and others with an interest in pastoralism.
For more information:
Ilse Köhler-Rollefson, League for Pastoral Peoples, Pragelatostr. 20, 64372 Ober-Ramstadt, Germany. Tel/fax: +49- 6154-53642.
or:
Ganesh Pangare, Oikos, C/1 Guru Ramkrishna Housing Society, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. Tel: + 91- 212-349118/331173.

Zegeye Hailu and Arthur Runge-Metzger (1993) Sustainability of land use systems: The potential of indigenous measures for the maintenance of soil productivity in Sub-Sahara African agriculture. Tropical Agroecology No. 7. Verlag Josef Margraf Scientific Books, Muhlstrasse 9, 6992 Weikersheim, Germany. pp. 168. Tel: +49- 7934-3071. Fax: +49-7934-8156.
This book describes the sustainability of African land use systems, focusing particularly on the potential of indigenous measures for maintaining soil productivity in Sub-Sahara African agriculture. It includes a review of methodologies and research results.

Paulus Gerdes (1994) African Pythagoras: A study in culture and mathematics education. Paulus Gerdes, Department of Mathematics, Universidade Pedagógico. P.O. Box 3276, Maputo, Mozambique. Fax: +258-1-422113.
The Pythagorean Theorem, which asserts that in any right- angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, is 'one of the most attractive, and certainly one of the most famous and most useful theorems of elementary geometry'.
But the main objective of this study is not to analyze the discovery and spread of such theorems. Historical hypotheses are included in the study, but its main objective is cultural- didactical. African countries see themselves faced with relatively low levels of attainment in mathematics. One of the reasons lies in the fact that many pupils experience mathematics--e.g. the Pythagorean Theorem--as something alien, something rather useless, something difficult and boring, coming from outside Africa.
In order to overcome this cultural and psychological learning blockage, it is necessary to revise the curriculum. The objectives, content and methods of mathematics teaching have to be embedded in the cultural environment of the pupils. The incorporation of ethno-mathematics--all types of mathematical activities and reasoning found in daily life--into the curriculum would contribute towards this end. In addition, diverse cultural elements could be used as starting points for playing and doing interesting mathematics in and around the classroom. Valuing children's home culture makes them feel more confident in their own abilities. People with confidence in themselves and their culture will learn more easily.
The aim of 'African Pythagoras' is to show how diverse African ornaments and artifacts may be used to create an attractive context for the discovery and the demonstration of the Pythagorean Theorem, and of related ideas and propositions.

Yildiz Aumeeruddy (1994) Local representations and management of agroforests on the periphery of Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. People and plants working paper 3. UNESCO, Division of Ecological Sciences, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07, France. Tel: +33-1-4568100. Fax: +33-1-45671690.
The zones surrounding parks and forest reserves are the sites of many conflicts between conservation managers and local populations. Although economic compensation may have been envisaged in the form of development projects, management of these peripheral zones encounters the problem of divergence between conservation managers and village communities in their perceptions, modes of representation and systems of appropriating resources. The work presented in this paper examines these divergences in Kerinci, an agrarian valley with approximately 300,000 inhabitants that is encircled by Kerinci Seblat National Park, a protected area of some 15,000 km2 in Sumatra, Indonesia.


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