Publications

Altbach, Philip A. (ed.) (1995, 2nd edition 1996) Copyright and development: inequality in the information age. Bellagio studies in publishing. 109 pp. ISBN 0-937033-58-8. US$20. Publisher information: The Bellagio Publishing Network Secretariat, The Jam Factory, 27 Park End St., Oxford OX1 1HU, UK.
Fax: +44-865-793-298.
If you think the information explosion is closing the knowledge gap between developed and less developed countries, you are wrong. International copyright agreements give Third World countries nothing more than the right to serve as sweatshops for the developed world. In the short collection of essays contained in this book publishing authorities from India, Africa, China, and America examine the causes behind lack of knowledge dissemination to the Third World in the particularly crucial book publishing market. In various ways, the culprit is the copyright laws of the developed world.
As record numbers of less developed nations have subscribed to international copyright agreements, copyright law gives a publisher global control over its books. The pressure for international copyright adherence has come from the developed countries, such as America and Britain, where the bulk of the publishing industry is concentrated. As a result, the Third World must have important educational materials published abroad at a cost which is often prohibitively expensive. Third World countries simply do not have the financial resources, and education suffers as a result.
If copyright is the culprit, profit margin is the accomplice. As Henry M. Chakava points out in his essay, 'International copyright and Africa: the unequal exchange', established publishers are not inclined to grant licenses to aspiring native publishers since profits are lower and the specter of future competition looms vaguely in the distance. Left to current international market forces, knowledge will remain largely the product of the richer countries to the detriment of the poorer ones.
Government action has not effectively addressed market forces. Although international cooperation has resulted in some changes in copyright law with respect to educational materials, the changes have largely been cosmetic. A compulsory license available to poorer countries has never been invoked because of procedural barriers. An international joint committee of the World Intellectual Property Organization and UNESCO, designed to promote the transfer of copyrights from advanced to developing countries, quietly withered away. Dina Nath Malhorta, the former chairman of the committee, notes in his essay: "It became quite clear that this was a wishy-washy affair just to show that something was being done."
Although they do not provide all the answers, the essays in this book raise critical issues and provide a useful analytical backdrop from which to examine the causes and effects of global information inequality and to plan for change.
(Keith Aoki, Associate Professor, University of Oregon School of Law, Eugene, Oregon, USA)

Auliff, Lillian Ann (l997) The evolution of the Yoruba video industry and its potential for development communications. Studies in Technology and Social Change, No. 27. iv + 135 pp. ISBN 0-945271-43-3. US$14. Payment must be in US currency with check made out to Iowa State University; add $3 per copy for postage within the USA and $4 for international orders. Send orders to CIKARD, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
Tel.: +1-515-2940-938.
Fax: +1-515-2946-058.
This study starts from the idea that indigenous media, especially folk media, are effective disseminators of development information, and from the defi-nition of development set forth by Wang and Dissanayake (1984) which emphasizes three points: i) development involves the majori-ty of the population in both its planning and its re-wards; ii) it maintains the natural and cultural environment and iii) it is a process of change. The study traces the evolution of traditio-nal Yoruba travelling theatre to the new video industry and exami-nes the already existing developmental messages within Yoruba videos. The plots of nine videos are described and the contents scrutini-zed for such themes as setting (primarily middle and/or upper class urban), values (mainly family values and marriage contract issues), ceremony, ritual, celebration (weddings, funerals), news and social commentary (student riots, corrupt officers, cleaning up the system) and development issues (gas station opening), the results of which are presen-ted in 19 tables.
Fieldwork interviews conducted for the study have shown that the majority of the population has access to videos. The most popular way to see a video is to watch it at someone else's house, where a 'sociable guy' might play host to some 20 to 30 people. Otherwise, community viewing centers charge only a very small entrance fee and can seat 50 to 60 people. These audience numbers are far greater then those ever attracted by traditi-onal travelling theatre perfor-mances. Video is reaching more people, more quickly.
The study concludes that video offers great potential as a medium for deve-lopment communication and that indivi-dual producers are already using it for that purpose. It gives 13 recommen-dations for video for development.


Baerts, Martine, Jean Lehmann, Michel Ansay and Kakule Kasonia (l996) A few medicinal plants used in traditional veterinary medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: a data bank. l54 pp. paperback.
Price: for members of the sub-network 'Health, animal production and environment', free-of-charge; for non-members, US$30; and for nationals of an ACP (African, Caribbean, Pacific) country, US$20. Published by Louvain University Press for the Centre Technique de Cooperation Agricole et Rurale (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) of the University Louvain-la-Neuve. Contact address: Madame Martine Baerts-Lehmann, Institut Carnoy, 4 place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
E-mail: lehmann@fynu.ucl.ac.be
Tel.: +32-10-473421.
Fax: +32-10-473471.
This data bank contains listings for thousands of plants, complete with the botanical identification, diseases the plant is used for, and African countries where it is used for veterinary purposes. There is also an extensive bibliography. This book is a very important resource for anyone who is interested in ethnoveterinary medicine and indigenous approaches to the care and management of animals.
(D.M. Warren, CIKARD, USA)


Eyzaguirre, Pablo, and Masa Iwanaga (eds) (1996) Participatory plant breeding. Proceedings of a workshop on participatory plant breeding, 26-29 July 1995, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 164 pp. ISBN 92-9043-269-1. Free-of-charge. Published by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy.
This important collection of experiences and programmes in farmers' participation in plant breeding and variety selection is divided into three sections: (l) The global context: breeding and crop genetic diversity, (2) Farmers managing crop diversity, and (3) farmers and crop breeders as partners. Case studies from Kenya, India, Philippines, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Colombia, Syria, Brazil, and Peru cover a continuum from breeder-controlled to farmer-controlled systems of breeding and selection, and indicate clearly the cost-effectiveness of working with farmers' skills in experimentation and innovation.
(D.M.Warren, CIKARD, USA)

Furze, Brian, Terry De Lacy and Jim Birckhead (1996) Culture, conservation and biodiversity. The social dimension of linking local-level development and conservation through protected areas.
300 pp. £40. Available from John Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO191UD, UK.
E-mail: gbjwsjs2@ibmmail.com
Tel.: +44-1243843206.
Fax: +44-1243770225.
Culture, conservation and biodiversity brings together the two major issues facing humanity in the next millennium: ensuring the development needed to support a growing world population while at the same time protecting the environment. The role and nature of 'protected areas' is at the heart of this dilemma, since it is clear that they can no longer remain development-free zones, but must come to terms with ecologically sustainable development activity within and around them. The book uses comparative case studies of local-level involvement in development activities within the ecologically sensitive protected areas of Asia, the Americas, Africa, Europe and Australia to illustrate the process of sustainable environmental management.
Combining development with the conservation of biodiversity requires application of social-science concepts, methods, techniques and ethics. The book presents and discusses these, and illustrates how they can be used in real management situations, involving ecotourism and indigenous land management, for example. It stresses the importance of the genuine participation of local people in programmes of development and conservation as well as the community management of biosphere reserves.
The aim of the book is to show how social sciences can provide the framework for drawing links between the complexities of local-level development and global factors of an economic, ecological, cultural and political nature.
(Jo Millar, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia)

Hasler, Richard (1996) Agriculture, foraging and wildlife resource use in Africa: cultural and
political dynamics in the Zambezi Valley. 208 pp. ISBN 0-7103-0515-X. £45 or US$76.50. Kegan Paul International, P.O. Box 256, Bedford Court Mansions, Bedford Ave, London WC1B 3SW UK.
E-mail: books@keganpau.demon.co.uk
Throughout most of the 1990s, Zimbabwe has been engaged in a revolutionary experiment in sustainable wildlife management. The Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources, better known as CAMPFIRE, has devolved control away from state to local institutions, so guaranteeing that economic benefits from wildlife are captured by local people and communities. Wildlife that once were a problem--for farmers, because they eat and damage agricultural and pastoral resources--now have a direct value, and so are more likely to be conserved. It sounds good, but has it worked?
This book presents valuable new evidence from a remote part of the Zambezi valley, where buffalo and elephants compete with foragers and stream-bank farmers. It describes in detail a wide range of indigenous practices and knowledge, and discusses how these intersect with external sources of knowledge and how they have changed over time. Examples of the successful management of wildlife are put forward, as are examples of efforts that have been thwarted by various vested interests.
It is clear that social heterogeneity and conflicting rights between neighbouring communities, between safari operators and local wildlife committees, and between different levels of government, are making the sustainable management of wildlife much more difficult than anyone had anticipated. Understanding these 'bundles of rights' is crucial if co-management is to work. This book makes an important contribution to this understanding.
This reviewer's only complaint lies in the price of the book, which places it beyond the reach of most of the professionals and activists in Africa who are directly involved with these fascinating changes. This points up a general problem, which might be addressed in two ways. Authors and readers should put pressure on Northern publishers to make their products available in developing countries for reduced prices. The other option would be to allow publishers in developing countries to produce cheaper editions of the same titles, perhaps with the help of a grant.
(Jules Pretty, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK)

Hess, Carmen G. (1997) Hungry for Hope: On the Cultural and Communicative Dimensions of Development in Highland Ecuador. IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development.144 pp.
ISBN 1-85339-403-3. £15.95. Published by Intermediate Technology Publications,103/105 Southampton Row, WC1B 4HH, UK.
Fax: +44 171 436 2013.
For the USA: Women Ink, 777 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.
Fax: +1 212 661 2704.
This, the fifth volume in the Intermediate Technology Publications series on Indigenous Knowledge and Development, is based on a detailed study of a rural community in highland Ecuador. An apparently well planned campaign to rid sheep of their parasites failed because it was a typical example of 'development from above'. The beliefs and culture of the local sheep-herders were simply not taken into account. The author presents a detailed description and analysis of local agriculture, from the perspectives both of the local farmers and of outside developers and scientists; she shows that these are quite different interpretations of the same reality.
The author concludes with an excellent overview of the relationship between communication and social change, considering and criticizing the main theories on the subject. The contributions of Paulo Freire and of Jurgen Habermas are examined in particular detail.
This book will be valuable especially to those studying rural society and development in the Andes. It will also be found useful by a wider readership interested in the role of indigenous knowledge, the relationship between development and anthropology, and the significance of communication in development. Hungry for Hope is an unusual and an important contribution to our understanding of rural development.
(David Brokensha, Institute for Development Anthropology, New York, USA)

Horn, Gabriel (White Deer of Autumn) (1996) Contemplations of a Primal Mind.166 pp. ISBN 1-880032-55-4. US$ 12.95. Published by New World Library. Distributed by Publishers Group West, 14 Pamaron Way, Novato, California 94949 USA.
Tel.: +1-800-972-6657.
Fax: +1-415-884-2199.
Gabriel Horn (White Deer of Autumn), formerly a teacher in the American Indian Movement (AIM) Survival Schools, is a celebrated Native American writer who defines a 'primal person' as one who lives in harmony with his or her natural environment. He compares the primal person with 'civilized' peoples who have denigrated all things 'primitive' while seeking power rather than balance, and subordination rather than sharing in our relationships with each other and with the Earth. White Deer of Autumn eloquently shares the Native American primal experience and world view through oral traditions passed down through generations of his own family. Comparing the 'primal mind' with the 'civilized mind', the author provides the 'Primal Manifesto' based on the power of ancestral wisdom.
This is a stunning and revealing look at Native American knowledge that provides the foundation for contemporary Native American activism. The survival of what White Deer of Autumn calls the Old Ways is now at stake, even as Native Americans feel the surging resiliency of their ancient wisdom.
(D.M.Warren, CIKARD, USA)

Novaes da Mota, Clarice (1997) Jurema's children in the forest of spirits: healing and ritual among two Brazilian indigenous groups. IT Series in indigenous knowledge and development.133 pp. ISBN 1-85339-402-5. Published by Intermediate Technology Publications, 103/105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4 HH, UK.
Fax: +44-171-436-2013.
For the USA: Women Ink, 777 UN Plaza, New York NY 100178, USA.
Fax: +1-212-661-2704.
This latest volume in the IT Series on IK&D links up neatly with the increasing interest in micro-level studies of indigenous peoples, and the way their specific perceptions, cosmologies and practices constitute their cultural heritage, while providing them with a strong 'Leitmotif' for their daily lives. As the Western philosophy of nature
and the environment is increasingly failing to reverse the process of environmental degradation, much can be learnt from such indigenous groups as the Kariri and the Shoko of northeastern Brazil, who retain their unique
interpretation and management of their habitat, despite increasing threats from outside.
The author, who lived and worked among the Kariri-Shoko, provides emic information on the way in which ethnobotanical knowledge and the use of plants for medicinal and magical purposes not only has practical utility
for their subsistence, but also strengthens the ethnic identification of the local community.
Following an ethnographic account of the two Indian groups, interspersed with accounts of personal meetings with a variety of informants and respondents, a good picture is presented of their ethnohistory and cultural identity. This includes an assessment of the indigenous cosmovision, presented in the context of rituals, magic, and secrets. The role of the concept of space is represented by the 'secret' Ouricuri space, composed of three concentric circles within the village. In the rituals described here, a central role is reserved for Jurema, an important local deity identified with a 'sacred' plant, and its power to guide the destiny of its followers, the Juremados or Jurema's children.
The true value of this work lies in the description of the local classification of plants, the healers who possess the knowledge of their use in promoting health and healing, the local health practices, and the people's perception of illness. These are skilfully analysed against the background of the Kariri-Shoko universe, and contribute to the strong sense of the cultural identity of both ethnic groups.
Although the author's occasional use of jargon contrasts with the authentic accounts of local informants, she manages to integrate their illustrative narratives into a sound study of the belief systems of these and similar forest communities in the region.
The book is well turned out and will be of great interest to scientists and students of indigenous communities and minority groups in the periphery of our world, and to those researchers who seek to understand the non-Western philosophical phenomena that help these groups to maintain their often unique way of life.
(Dr. L. Jan Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University, the Netherlands)

Normann, Hans, Ina Snyman and Morris Cohen (eds) (1996) Indigenous knowledge and its uses in Southern Africa. vii +158 pp. ISBN 0-7969-1692-6. Rand 40 or US$9. Published by Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. Order from Human Sciences Research
Council (with checks made out to same), Private Bag X41, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
Tel.: +27-12-202-9111.
Fax: +27-12-326-5362.
The 13 papers in this volume were presented at the conference 'Indigenous Knowledge and Practice', which was organized by the South African Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge and the Institute for Indigenous Theory and Practice, and held at the South African Museum in Cape Town on 24 November 1994. Eight of the contributions deal with indigenous therapeutic systems, two with indigenous agriculture, and two with human and social services.
This is an excellent text that the IK network will find particularly useful.
(D.M. Warren, CIKARD, USA)

Scheer, Steven H. (1996) Communication between irrigation engineers and farmers: the case of project design in North Senegal. xx + 258 pp. ISBN 90-5485-546-0. Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation, Agricultural University of Wageningen, the Netherlands (Thesis Publishers).
Available from: Scheer Training & Facilitation, E. van Reijdtstraat 8, 7412 EA Deventer, the Netherlands.
Tel./fax: +31-570-645-714.
This doctoral thesis is the result of several years which the author spent observing the implementation of irrigation schemes along the Senegal River in West Africa. He was especially interested in the interface between farmers and design engineers. As an irrigation engineer who has been sensitized to the importance and relevance of the social sciences in his field of work, the author describes the difficulties encountered when farmers and engineers have to communicate with each other about technical aspects of irrigation design and systems operation. He examines in detail the differences of perpective and perception between the two groups, which are a function of the knowledge systems of each.
The author examines local farmers' technical knowledge with respect to physical phenomena, and then explores methods by which participatory design processes could be used to achieve a more effective exchange of technical knowledge between engineers and farmers. The study shows that while farmers and engineers have very different perspectives on irrigation, one side seldom learns anything from the other. The result is that farmers continue their old practices while design engineers continue to produce new technical designs which are not adapted to the practices of local farmers. In the end, this mutual lack of adaptation is costly and has a negative impact on sustainability.
The author has tested and reviewed several models for closing this communication gap by activating a 'perpetual learning cycle' between the two groups.
This thesis provides relevant and useful material for development specialists of all disciplines, and should be of particular interest to anyone concerned with indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to technology and development.
(Ray Norman, Agriculture Division OCDN2, African Development Bank, Côte d'Ivoire)

Senah, Kodjo Amedjorteh (l995) Money be man: the popularity of medicines in a rural Ghanaian community. 256 pp. ISBN 90-5589-046-4. US$15. Het Spinhuis, Oudezijds Achterburgwal l85, 1012 DK Amsterdam.
E-mail: spinhuis@pscw.uva.nl,
Fax: +31-20-525-3010.
This is the first in-depth study of the relationships between the system for classifying diseases used by the Ga ethnic group of Ghana, and the disease etiologies and treatment linked to the emic perceptions underlying the use of modern pharmaceuticals. The study presents the comparative attributes of both indigenous herbal medicines and western pharmaceuticals.
This is an indispensable book for those involved with national health policies and their relationship to indigenous therapeutic concepts.
(D.M. Warren, CIKARD, USA)

Shiva, Vandana (1996) Protecting our biological and intellectual heritage in the age of biopiracy.
Paper presented during the seminar 'IPR's, Community Rights and Biodiversity: a new partnership for national sovereignty', held in New Delhi on 20 February 1996. It can be obtained from the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Natural Resource Policy, A-60 Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 - 016, India.
Dr. Shiva argues that indigenous knowledge related to biodiversity should be well protected against commercial agencies that operate internationally. She supports her argument with ample evidence from India. Her examples include the case of neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds, which have long been in use by local peoples. In recent years a dozen US and Japanese companies have patented herbicides and other products made from these seeds. According to Dr Shiva, there should in fact be discussion of the entire ethics of foreign companies coming in, 'using' knowledge that indigenous peoples have built up--often over long periods, and then patenting the fruits of that knowledge elsewhere. In this process, the rights of local people are often trodden upon.
The paper offers interesting insights into how this issue is viewed in India. Readers interested in biodiversity and its management through indigenous systems, and in how indigenous rights should be protected, will find the paper a valuable contribution.
However, the paper tends to seek solutions mostly at the legal level, whereas a more integrated approach might have been of more use. A code of conduct for commercial agencies, be they foreign or national, would be welcome, for example. Moreover, exchanges between IK systems can be valuable for local people. Even India, with its enormous variety of plants and animals, might be able to benefit from biological elements brought in from elsewhere in the world. It can be assumed that the exchange of medicinal plants between neighbouring countries in fact already occurs. Agrodiversity is not static, but dynamic, and constantly incorporating external elements. Finally, making the assumption that the positions of North and South are necessarily opposed seldom leads to valuable solutions. There are parties in the North as well as the South who are urging that multinational companies be subjected to ethical codes.
The paper would have been more complete if a list of abbreviations and references had been added. Nevertheless, it remains an interesting and very readable document for anyone interested in the discussion now going on in India about the protection of biodiversity.
(ir. J. Brouwer, Programme Officer, Netherlands Development Organisation SNV, Cameroon)

Sumberg, James, and Christine Okali (1997) Farmers' experiments: creating local knowledge. 186 pp. ISBN 1-55587-674-9. US$45. Published by Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1800 30th St., Suite 314, Boulder, Colorado 80301-1026, USA.
Tel.: +1-303-444-6684.
Fax : +1-303-444-0824.
This is the most comprehensive overview of the literature dealing with indigenous agricultural experimentation and innovation. The authors also present the empirical data on farmers' experiments from case studies in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Ghana, and the UK that demonstrate that "farmers' experiments represent an important and generally undervalued rural development resource."
The central conclusion is "that farmers' experimentation is widespread, an important part of everyday farming, and shares many characteristics with formal agronomic experimentation. Thus, through their experiments, farmers are involved in ongoing processes of local knowledge creation through site-specific learning, which, in the short term, results primarily in small adaptations to farming practice and, in the long term, contributes to the development of new farming systems. However, we conclude at the same time that although in many situations the arguments for greater participation of farmers in agricultural research are compelling and relevant, relatively little potential synergy will be realized through formal research and farmers' experimentation being more closely linked. In addition, because of the site-specific nature of the knowledge created through farmers' experiments, the claim that there is significant unrealized development potential associated with them, which could somehow be used to make an impact on a larger scale, is also called into question" (7-8).
Chapter 3, 'Farmers' experiments: concepts, evidence, and claims', synthesizes an enormous array of academic and development literature. This synthesis includes an overview of the characteristics of farmers' experiments, typologies of farmers' experiments, and factors influencing farmers' experimentation, who experiments?, links with formal research, farmers' experiments and local communication systems. The authors conclude that "Both farmers' experiments and much formal experimentation aim to develop practical solutions to immediate problems or to seek small gains within the context of proven production methods and systems. Both are largely empirical and iterative, combining experience, observation (both methodical and opportunistic), intuition, persistence, skill and luck" (149).
This book provides a theoretical and empirical base from which alternative models for the interaction of formal research and farmers' experiments can be evaluated.
(D.M. Warren, CIKARD, USA)

Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) (l996) Into action research: Partnerships in Asian rootcrop research and development. xvii + 278 pp. ISBN
971-614-006-1. US$12. Published by UPWARD, Philippines. Order from UPWARD, Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
E-mail: cip-manila@cgnet.com
Fax: +65-2-891-1291.
This is an excellent compilation of recent case studies relating to collaborative research by farmers and agricultural researchers. The 19 cases are presented under four headings: the relevance of rootcrop indigenous knowledge for development; sustaining community action in rootcrop research and development; enterprise development through participatory research; and development and diffusion of innovations through institutional linkages. Case studies come from China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Nepal.
(D.M. Warren, CIKARD, USA)


Zimmerer, Karl S. (1996) Changing fortunes: biodiversity and peasant livelihood in the Peruvian Andes. ix + 308 pp. ISBN 0-520-20303-8. US$45 or £35. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
This is a well researched and sophisticated book which dares to tackle the complex task of analyzing the interrelationships between sustainable development, biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and peasant survival strategies. It also dares to criticize influential theories in these areas. The author's underlying message is that only through careful scientific research in specific localities is it possible to understand the processes involved and thus to design appropriate policies within a participatory and democratic framework--policies which foster sustainability and biodiversity while improving the lives of peasants.
Zimmerer is able to dispel many notions about sustainable development that are widely held but nevertheless wrong. He does this on the basis of his long years of excellent ethnographic field research among Quechua peasants living from small-scale farming in the mountainous regions of Paucartambo near Cuzco (Mexico). For example, Zimmerer disputes the arguments that cultural change among an indigenous population necessarily endangers biodiversity, that high-yield varieties invariably contribute to genetic erosion, that there is an essential harmony between the native population and nature, and that increasing commercialization always leads to less diversity in the crops grown.
Instead, Zimmerer argues on the basis of his findings that while some of these relationships do exist under some circumstances, the picture is far more complex and full of unexpected results than these relationships would suggest. His general findings do show that the intrusion of agribusiness, of urban market demand and international food aid have indeed added to the threat to biodiversity posed by changes in the region. Thus he does not deny that biodiversity in the Peruvian Andes is at risk or that farm landscapes have been degraded; he does, however, demonstrate that the reasons generally given to explain these outcomes are either false, inadequate or partial. For example, Zimmerer finds that some Quechua farmers have improved their living standards through greater market integration and that this has allowed them to cultivate a greater diversity of crops than Quechua peasants who are poor in resources. He also discovers that certain technical changes have enhanced the versatility of intercropping, thereby preventing further loss of biodiversity. Many of these innovations have emerged from the experience and experimentation of indigenous farmers. Similarly, indigenous communities have often used outside cultural influences to reinvent and give new cultural meaning to symbols and practices which have enhanced sustainable development. This is very different from allowing outside cultural influences to lead to acculturation that is demeaning and ecologically impoverishing.
(Cristóbal Kay, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, the Netherlands)

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